Given any numeration system, we call 'carry propagation' at a number N the number of digits that are changed when going from the representation of N to the one of N+1 , and 'amortized carry propagation' the limit of the mean of the carry propagations at the first N integers, when N tends to infinity, and if it exists.

We address the problem of the existence of the amortized carry propagation and of its value in non-standard numeration systems of various kinds: abstract numeration systems, rational base numeration systems, greedy numeration systems and beta-numeration.

We tackle the problem by means of techniques of three different types: combinatorial, algebraic, and ergodic.

For each kind of numeration systems that we consider, the relevant method allows to establish sufficient conditions for the existence of the carry propagation and examples show that these conditions are close to be necessary.

This is a joint work with Valérie Berthé, Christiane Frougny, and Michel Rigo